The field of urology is based on the male and female urinary-tract system and the male reproductive system. Focus areas include the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, and the male reproductive organs. A physician specializing in urological surgery is a medical doctor (MD) or doctor of osteopathic surgery (DO) and may be certified by the American Board of Urology or American Osteopathic Board of Surgery.